|
The Reverend Glenn Smiley (April 19, 1910 – September 14, 1993) was a white civil rights consultant and leader.〔The New York Times, Sept. 18, 1993. p.19〕 He closely studied the doctrine of Mahatma Gandhi and became convinced that racism and segregation were most likely to be overcome without the use of violence, and began studying and teaching peaceful tactics. As an employee of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), he visited Dr. Martin Luther King in Montgomery, Alabama in 1956 during the Montgomery Bus Boycott where he advised King and his associates on nonviolent tactics and was able to convince King that nonviolence was a feasible solution to racial tension. Smiley, together with Bayard Rustin and others, helped convince King and his associates that complete non-violence and non-violent direct action were the most effective methods and tools to use during protest.〔King, Dr. Martin Luther. Stride Toward Freedom pp. 163, 173〕 After the Civil rights movement, Smiley continued to employ nonviolence and worked for several organizations promoting peace in South American countries. Just three years before him 1993 death, Smiley opened the King Center in Los Angeles. ==Civil rights work== During his work in ministry in the 1940s, Smiley developed an interest for the methods of Mahatma Gandhi and his methods of self-discipline and nonviolence. From these studies, he developed his theory that nonviolence was the most effective way to combat discrimination. Smiley first used his theory of nonviolence in the late 1940s when he attempted to spur integration of tearooms of department stores in the Los Angeles area.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://archives.livedtheology.org/node/1205 )〕 Smiley went on to have a professional relationship with Martin Luther King, in which he advised King on nonviolence tactics and emphasized the importance of nonviolence in the success of the Civil Rights Movement. Smiley was already impress with Dr. King's leadership, but was critical of King for having a bodyguard. In a letter that Smiley had written to some of his friends, he was quoted writing, "If King can really be won to a faith of nonviolence there is no end to what he can do. Soon he will be able to direct movement by sheer force of being the symbol of resistance. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/about_king/encyclopedia/smiley_glenn.html )〕Smiley also persuaded King that there needs to be an active dialogue between the white and black ministers in the South. King sent Smiley around the South preaching the doctrine to church congregations and civil-rights groups, and nonviolence quickly became a binding premise of King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference. During the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Smiley participated by spreading news of the boycott to his congregation. Smiley was also charged with appealing to Southern white people, and accessed group meetings of organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan and the WCC. He is quoted saying, “my assignment was to make every contact possible in the white community.” After the resolution of Browder v. Gayle on December 17, 1956, it was ruled by the Supreme Court that segregation on city busses is unconstitutional; the MIA developed a set of guidelines to help black residents successfully ride on the newly integrated busses. Smiley, along with Martin Luther King and other MIA leaders, was an integral author of these new guidelines 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/about_king/encyclopedia/smiley_glenn.html )〕 . After the Supreme Court’s ruling in Browder v. Gayle, Smiley rode with Martin Luther King and Reverend Ralph D. Abernathy on the first day that bus segregation ended in Montgomery. Smiley later said that he took the bus ride to get a reaction, as his organizational work had been urging nonviolence. Later during the student sit-in movement during the 1960s, Smiley was a strong supporter and urged the students to attend a conference at Shaw University that would go on to be the birthplace of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/about_king/encyclopedia/smiley_glenn.html )〕 . In the 1960s, Smiley founded the Methodist-inspired organization called Justice-Action-Peace Latin America, which was responsible for organizing seminars on nonviolence in Latin American countries between the years of 1967 and the early 1970s 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/kingweb/about_king/encyclopedia/smiley_glenn.html )〕 . Smiley traveled to South American countries, where he taught nonviolence during the time he worked under the National Council of Churches and the National Council of Catholic Bishops. Shortly before his death, Smiley founded the Martin Luther King Center for Nonviolence in Los Angeles in 1990 to further his lifelong philosophy of nonviolence. Speaking about the King Center, Smiley stressed "nonviolence is the most effective way of achieving change because in the process it does not rip countries apart; it builds, it does not destroy." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Glenn E. Smiley」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|